Roots to Sky's Modern Nutrition Library

Roots to Sky's Modern Nutrition Library

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Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | The BMJ
Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | The BMJ
Objective To systematically review associations between intake of saturated fat and trans unsaturated fat and all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated mortality, ischemic stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, and CINAHL from inception to 1 May 2015, supplemented by bibliographies of retrieved articles and previous reviews. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Observational studies reporting associations of saturated fat and/or trans unsaturated fat (total, industrially manufactured, or from ruminant animals) with all cause mortality, CHD/CVD mortality, total CHD, ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes. Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study risks of bias. Multivariable relative risks were pooled. Heterogeneity was assessed and quantified. Potential publication bias was assessed and subgroup analyses were undertaken. The GRADE approach was used to evaluate quality of evidence and certainty of conclusions. Results For saturated fat, three to 12 prospective cohort studies for each association were pooled (five to 17 comparisons with 90 501-339 090 participants). Saturated fat intake was not associated with all cause mortality (relative risk 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.09), CVD mortality (0.97, 0.84 to 1.12), total CHD (1.06, 0.95 to 1.17), ischemic stroke (1.02, 0.90 to 1.15), or type 2 diabetes (0.95, 0.88 to 1.03). There was no convincing lack of association between saturated fat and CHD mortality (1.15, 0.97 to 1.36; P=0.10). For trans fats, one to six prospective cohort studies for each association were pooled (two to seven comparisons with 12 942-230 135 participants). Total trans fat intake was associated with all cause mortality (1.34, 1.16 to 1.56), CHD mortality (1.28, 1.09 to 1.50), and total CHD (1.21, 1.10 to 1.33) but not ischemic stroke (1.07, 0.88 to 1.28) or type 2 diabetes (1.10, 0.95 to 1.27). Industrial, but not ruminant, trans fats were associated with CHD mortality (1.18 (1.04 to 1.33) v 1.01 (0.71 to 1.43)) and CHD (1.42 (1.05 to 1.92) v 0.93 (0.73 to 1.18)). Ruminant trans -palmitoleic acid was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (0.58, 0.46 to 0.74). The certainty of associations between saturated fat and all outcomes was “very low.” The certainty of associations of trans fat with CHD outcomes was “moderate” and “very low” to “low” for other associations. Conclusions Saturated fats are not associated with all cause mortality, CVD, CHD, ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes, but the evidence is heterogeneous with methodological limitations. Trans fats are associated with all cause mortality, total CHD, and CHD mortality, probably because of higher levels of intake of industrial trans fats than ruminant trans fats. Dietary guidelines must carefully consider the health effects of recommendations for alternative macronutrients to replace trans fats and saturated fats.
Fats & OilsFats & Oils#research & studies
·bmj.com·
Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | The BMJ
"Administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health." - B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy
"Administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health." - B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy
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Supplements & Orthomolecular MedicineSupplements & Orthomolecular Medicine
·reddit.com·
"Administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health." - B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy
Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation | Scientific Reports
Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation | Scientific Reports
Scientific Reports - Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation
Supplements & Orthomolecular MedicineSupplements & Orthomolecular Medicine
·nature.com·
Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation | Scientific Reports
Turmeric significantly increases lifespan. Turmeric is full of curcumin, curcuminoids, turmerones, and vital nutrients that have anti-inflammatory properties. Here is scientific evidence and best ways to eat it.
Turmeric significantly increases lifespan. Turmeric is full of curcumin, curcuminoids, turmerones, and vital nutrients that have anti-inflammatory properties. Here is scientific evidence and best ways to eat it.
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The SuperfoodsThe Superfoods
·reddit.com·
Turmeric significantly increases lifespan. Turmeric is full of curcumin, curcuminoids, turmerones, and vital nutrients that have anti-inflammatory properties. Here is scientific evidence and best ways to eat it.
Eating less protein could help you live longer. In a new review, researchers summarized findings from more than 350 previous studies and found widespread evidence that when it comes to protein, there can be too much of a good thing.
Eating less protein could help you live longer. In a new review, researchers summarized findings from more than 350 previous studies and found widespread evidence that when it comes to protein, there can be too much of a good thing.
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The Meat DebateThe Meat Debate#readthecomments
·reddit.com·
Eating less protein could help you live longer. In a new review, researchers summarized findings from more than 350 previous studies and found widespread evidence that when it comes to protein, there can be too much of a good thing.
Greenwashing and denial won’t solve beef’s enormous climate problems. Beef might be the most climate-polluting substance people regularly use, because kilogram-for-kilogram beef produces 50 times the emissions of coal.
Greenwashing and denial won’t solve beef’s enormous climate problems. Beef might be the most climate-polluting substance people regularly use, because kilogram-for-kilogram beef produces 50 times the emissions of coal.
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The Meat DebateThe Meat Debate
·reddit.com·
Greenwashing and denial won’t solve beef’s enormous climate problems. Beef might be the most climate-polluting substance people regularly use, because kilogram-for-kilogram beef produces 50 times the emissions of coal.
Caffeine may cause “shallow” sleep, the body may spend eight hours in bed, but the brain may fail to fully regenerate. Caffeine improves alertness and reduces sensation of fatigue, but its effects may sometimes resemble “borrowing energy” at the expense of nighttime regeneration.
Caffeine may cause “shallow” sleep, the body may spend eight hours in bed, but the brain may fail to fully regenerate. Caffeine improves alertness and reduces sensation of fatigue, but its effects may sometimes resemble “borrowing energy” at the expense of nighttime regeneration.
Posted by cheaslesjinned - 163 votes and 71 comments
Tea, Coffee & CaffeineTea, Coffee & Caffeine
·reddit.com·
Caffeine may cause “shallow” sleep, the body may spend eight hours in bed, but the brain may fail to fully regenerate. Caffeine improves alertness and reduces sensation of fatigue, but its effects may sometimes resemble “borrowing energy” at the expense of nighttime regeneration.